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By Suresh Khadakbhavi We’ve come a long way in air travel, haven’t we? Remember those days of clinging to paper boarding passes, terrified of losing them and facing a total nightmare? Or reaching the airport hours early just to slog through endless manual check-ins and security lines? One has to hover near crackly PA systems, ears perked for any word on flight delays or gate switches, always on edge. Now, thanks to technology, those pain points are fading into memory. Today, technology has transformed every step of the journey into something smoother, guided by real-time updates and clever innovations. It’s worth noting how artificial intelligence is driving this evolution, with technologies like Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and Robotic Process Automation (RPA) reshaping aviation. These innovations deliver remarkable benefits while presenting challenges that demand careful navigation. Several AI technologies underpin this transformation across the aviation ecosystem. Like Digi Yatra’s advanced biometric systems enable passengers to use their faces as a digital token, reducing airport entry times to seconds. Elsewhere, Computer Vision powers similar systems, such as at Singapore’s Changi Airport, where facial recognition verifies identities at gates. Machine Learning enhances operational precision — airlines using Rolls-Royce engines leverage it for predictive maintenance, analyzing sensor data to preempt engine issues, while air traffic systems like the U.S. NextGen optimize flight paths with satellite precision. Natural Language Processing elevates passenger interactions. Advanced chatbots, such as those planned for Digi Yatra with Large Language Models, will offer multilingual support via text or voice. Globally, airlines like KLM leverage NLP assistants for bookings and updates. Robotic Process Automation streamlines backend tasks — automating check-in data or baggage tracking — allowing staff to prioritize service quality. Benefits of AI-Driven Transformation The advantages are transformative. Efficiency is significantly enhanced; biometric systems eliminate repetitive document checks, while AI/ ML-driven scheduling reduces delays — Emirates, for instance, uses AI to anticipate weather disruptions. Decision-making is improved as well. Airlines harness ML for dynamic pricing, adjusting fares based on demand, and airports forecast passenger volumes to optimize resources. Cost savings follow—fewer delays, reduced fuel use through optimized routes, and automation of routine tasks lower expenses, benefiting the industry and travelers alike. Challenges in Adoption Adoption remains a challenge since people always hesitate to opt for new digital tools. This could be due to privacy concerns, low digital proficiency, or a lack of awareness. To ensure that technological progress benefits all travellers, efforts must continue to create awareness among the masses about tech adoption and how it redefines their travel as a seamless experience. Data privacy and security are critical, particularly with biometric systems. Digi Yatra addresses this with a decentralized model, storing PII data only on the users’ devices and the shared credentials to airport verifiers are deleted within 24 hrs of the STD of their flight, adhering to standards and policies. The entire Digi Yatra Ecosystems are audited by CERT-In empanelled agencies on a periodic basis to ensure compliance. Globally, organisations adopting facial recognition and analytics ensure robust encryption of PII data and compliance with regulations like GDPR. The skill gap poses another challenge. Implementing ML or NLP requires specialized expertise, which is not yet universal in aviation. Training initiatives are vital to bridge this divide. Additionally, integrating AI with legacy systems, such as outdated radar-based air traffic control or manual check-in desks, presents technical and financial hurdles. Modernizing these to support RPA or Computer Vision requires strategic investment. Transforming Air Travel Globally Beyond Digi Yatra’s success in India, where >12 million passengers have embraced touchless travel, numerous technologies are revolutionizing airports worldwide. The transition from radar to satellite-based air traffic management, as seen in NextGen, boosts precision and sustainability. Digital twins — virtual aircraft models — enable engineers to simulate maintenance, a technique used by Airbus. In-flight, Wi-Fi and AI-driven entertainment systems, like those on Qatar Airways, personalize passenger experiences, replacing static screens with tailored content. Airports are evolving into interconnected digital hubs. Biometric boarding at Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson mirrors Digi Yatra’s approach, while RPA-powered automated baggage systems minimize losses. ML optimizes runway usage, reducing wait times. These advancements ensure faster, more reliable, and environmentally conscious travel, with AI aiding fuel-efficient flight planning. A Future in Flight A blend of Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, and Robotic Process Automation will create a smarter, more efficient industry. From predictive maintenance to biometric check-ins, these technologies deliver streamlined operations, informed decisions, and cost reductions. Challenges such as privacy, workforce skills, and legacy integration are significant but addressable through collaboration and innovation. As AI becomes more advanced, it will not only optimize operational efficiency but also redefine how we interact with travel technology. The aviation industry is just getting started on this AI-powered journey, and the sky is truly the limit! (The writer of this article is the CEO of Digi Yatra Foundation & Key Advisory Member of Inter Passenger Terminal Show)

De-/anti-icing of an aircraft is a critical pre-flight procedure that ground handling teams around the world undertake ahead of take-off and is mandatory if ice, frost, or snow has accumulated on major surfaces including an aircraft’s wings or fuselage. Effective de-/anti-icing training is crucial for ensuring flight safety and enables safe and timely aircraft operations during winter weather conditions. Aviator Airport Alliance, a full-range provider of aviation services at 15 airports across the Nordics and a family member of Avia Solutions Group, delivers insights on how the importance of equipping their team with comprehensive de-icing training is critical for successful operations across Northern Europe, spanning the Baltics, Nordics, and Scandinavia. Anders Søreide, Head of De-Icing & Safety Advisor at Aviator, outlines the structure of the training program that operates within his team, “Our training program is based upon SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) aerospace industry standards. The main objective is to train our staff to perform de-/anti-icing operations according to the SAE standards to ensure flight safety.” Theoretical and Practical Integration Training includes both theoretical and practical training and is renewed through annual recurrent training before each season. Theory in the classroom provides the foundations but potential candidates are often curious to understand how the practical training is delivered. Anders commented, “Practical de-/anti-icing training consists of both simulated scenarios and actual operations performed under supervision. Simulated exercises may vary between stations, but a typical simulated exercise would include a vehicle driving through an ‘obstacle course’ to develop driving patterns.”   Operational Excellence and Safety As well as ensuring safe movement around high value aircraft, teams must also know how to correctly spray de-icing fluid onto key areas of the aircraft. Anders continued, “Spraying exercises on a suitable surface, communication with other vehicles, drivers, and flight crews are essential. Operators also need to understand the emergency procedures and visual interpretation of contamination (where ice, frost, or snow accumulates) in order to safely prepare the aircraft for departure.” During simulated exercises, the focus is on operator confidence as there are many tasks to be mastered simultaneously. The exercises are repeated and are accommodated for individual learning processes as some staff require more practice than others. The simulated exercises are extremely important to ensure familiarity with the necessary equipment and procedures and for teams to be able to focus on the contamination at hand. For live operations, all staff perform at least the minimum SAE requirements for operations under supervision. Continuous Learning and Improvement In the aviation safety industry, it’s extremely important to optimize operations continuously, which is why Aviator performs annual reviews of their training materials. This review is primarily based upon new revisions in the SAE standards, as well as feedback from instructors and reported incidents. Aviator also attends live SAE meetings each year. “Reviews, monitoring, and revisions of the training material are performed by the Aviator de-/anti-icing working group which meets pre-season, mid-season, and post season. Additionally, Aviator performs several internal inspections to assess training at their stations, in addition to being audited by the DAQCP (De-icing/Anti-icing Quality Control Program). Aviator emphasizes transparency and trust-based relationship with our customers, and since flight safety is a collaborative effort, feedback and/or reports from our airline customers are valuable sources for potential improvements,” commented Søreide. One of the biggest challenges for training operators is the sometimes lack of actual de-/anti-icing events, especially at smaller stations. Initial training at a large busy station may be performed in a matter of weeks but operators typically perform de-/anti-icing operations together with more experienced staff for a longer period. At smaller stations, training can last over several seasons as the practical training requires actual de-/anti-icing operations to be performed. At Aviator, Anders’ team have frequently used their stations at Bardufoss and Tromsø in northern Norway as support stations for de-/anti-icing training, as they offer frequent winter weather and highly competent staff and instructors. This ensures trainees have the necessary guidance and experience before being certified to undertake live operations back at their home stations. De-/anti-icing is a service that is critical for flight safety and operators are the last line of defence ahead of a flight. This means that the selection process must be rigorous. “Typical requirements at Aviator for our initial operators are for ramp agents with some years’ experience, and who have completed all the required courses. Their driver’s license must be applicable to our vehicles and local regulations, while they also must have completed applicable de-/anti-icing training program. Being able to communicate proficiently in English is also a prerequisite for the role.” However, the most important requirement for Anders is personal suitability for a flight safety critical service. “Our operators must be able to handle and operate several tasks simultaneously, being able to manage a stressful environment, with safety being their number one priority at all times,” commented Søreide. (Content & Image Courtesy: Aviator-Avia Solutions Group Company) (Views Expressed are personal.)

Fatigue poses an important safety risk, especially in aviation, where tasks are conducted around the clock. Psychologist PhD John A. Caldwell noted that pilots’ fatigue has been a top-of-mind issue for the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) since 1990. One of tragic fatigue examples is the crash of the 2010 Air India Express Flight 812 on arrival into Mangalore. Based on The Court of Inquiry India report, the aircraft cockpit voice recorder showed the captain had been asleep for most of the flight, for 1 hour and 40 minutes of the 2 hours and 5 minutes journey. Fatigue may arise from numerous forms of causes, mostly including decreased alertness and reduced performance, that can jeopardize an individual’s capabilities to operate safely. Exhaustion leads to slower reaction times and impaired concentration and decision making. Besides decreasing performance in-flight (chronic) fatigue has negative long-term health effects, such as sleep loss, extended time awake, and circadian phase irregularities. “Managing crew exhaustion is not just about guidelines. It is a severe problem that can have a detrimental effect on pilots’ health and the safety of the flight. Therefore, regulatory policies and compliance with fatigue management programs are vital to ensure the safety of every passenger and crew member,” notes Abdelmagid Bouzougarh, CEO of Aerviva. What is fatigue? The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines fatigue as “a physiological state of reduced mental or physical performance capability, resulting from extended wakefulness that can impair a crew member’s alertness and ability to safely operate an aircraft or to perform safety related duties”. In other words, fatigue is a direct result of prolonged strenuous physical or mental effort. It occurs when the body’s resources are depleted at a greater rate than that at which they are being replaced. Mental fatigue is mainly caused by time-on-task and cognitive load. In the aviation mental type and sleepiness have been mentioned as the most important form of fatigue. This type of fatigue may result from mental strain or mental stress, over stimulation and understimulation, as well as jet lag, boredom, lack of sleep, diseases and depression. Fatigue can be physiological or subjective. The first one reflects the need for the body to replenish and restore. This condition may have a connection with the current health of the person, physical activity, circadian rhythms, and consumption of alcohol. It is very important to understand that in this case a person needs to rest properly. An individual’s perception of how sleepy they feel is defined as subjective fatigue. This form of fatigue is influenced by factors such as sleep deprivation and motivation levels. The connection between fatigue and vigilance According to The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), there are common effects associated with tiredness, such as increased reaction times, inability to make decisions, decreased alertness and situational awareness. Situational awareness ties in with vigilance, which refers to an individual’s ability to pay close and continuous attention to a field of stimulation for a period of time. When it comes to pilots, flight crew attentiveness is key. This involves being aware of and anticipating the stages of the flight, its development, weather conditions, communication with Air Traffic Control (ATC), and monitoring times and waypoints. Long-haul pilots usually associate their fatigue with jet lag, caused by time-zone crossing flights, while short-medium-haul pilots associate their fatigue with the high operational demand during the flight duty period. The fatigued pilot may not easily accept an assessment of their degraded performance or be able to improve their performance despite increased effort. Even when feeling tired, a person tends not to link that directly with a loss of vigilance. Sometime people easily overrate their capacity. But often, reduced vigilance is shown by unwanted outcomes of decisions and actions. In the article “The impact of cognitive fatigue on airline pilots’ performance”, based on data from the European Cockpit Association (ECA), obtained through questionnaires applied to more than 6,000 European airline pilots, it is known that about 80% of them have to deal with fatigue in the cockpit. A significant part of the pilots has already fallen asleep unexpectedly (i.e. without notifying the other pilot beforehand) during a flight (Nuno Quental, João Rocha, Jorge Silva, Lídia Menezes, Jorge Santos, 2021). According to BBC, aviation accidents are still extremely rare, but when they have occurred, figures show that 80% are a result of human error, with pilot fatigue accounting for 15-20% of human error in fatal accidents. In 2009 Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashed in Buffalo (USA), the cause of the accident was indicated as inadequate training, unnecessary conversation amongst aircrew during takeoff and landing, pilot flying after failing proficiency tests, and fatigue. Both pilots had long commutes and slept in the crew lounge, instead of a hotel before the flight. Shared responsibility makes a significant difference The main causes of pilot fatigue are the disturbance of circadian rhythms, continuous wakefulness, and cumulative sleep loss. But there are other factors such as length of a duty day, shift irregularities, multiple layovers, restricted time available for sleep, and even poor cockpit ergonomics. Crew members are trained to identify the signs of exhaustion in teammates and encouraged to report their own tiredness before the flight. According to the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), a crew member should not perform duties if they know, or suspect, that their personal state renders them unfit to operate, to the extent that the flight may be endangered. The collaboration and empathy between the crew members can reduce the risk of human error during the flight. The cabin crew can help each other and pilots to avoid fatigue by cross-checks and monitoring, paying extra attention to their colleagues who seem to appear tired as they are intended to take more risky decisions, and their reaction time might be longer. During the flight the cabin crew can reassure that pilots do not experience dehydration by offering refreshments. Consideration should be given to caffeine intake, which can later affect sleep quality. A cabin crew shall not distract flight crew during

Isn’t interesting to know that the world of the helicopter business is so exhilarating especially for the emerging economies like India and others across the globe. As aviation enthusiasts and industry experts, we’re thrilled to unpack the growth potential, market size, types of helicopters, and critical manufacturer support systems driving this dynamic sector. Whether you’re an investor, a business owner, or simply curious about aviation trends, this feature has full insight to keep you engaged and informed. Let’s take flight! When it comes to the emerging economies of the world, the top names that pop up in mind is about India, China, Brazil, Indonesia, and few others, which are significantly witnessing a helicopter revolution. But Why? These nations are characterized by rapid urbanization, expanding infrastructure, and a growing need for efficient transportation solutions. Helicopters, with their ability to bypass traffic-clogged roads and reach remote areas, are becoming indispensable tools for economic growth. From emergency medical services (EMS) to corporate travel and resource exploration, the demand is soaring. The Helicopter Business Revolution in Emerging Economies The global helicopter market is on an upward trajectory, valued at USD 32.6 billion in 2022 and projected to reach USD 71.6 billion by 2032, boasting a robust CAGR of 8.4 per cent. Within this, emerging markets are key players. For instance, the commercial helicopter market in India alone is expected to hit USD 524.7 million by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 7.4 per cent from 2024 to 2030. Compare this to China, where the operational fleet stood at 741 helicopters in 2022, with a significant portion dedicated to multi-mission roles. These numbers signal a seismic shift—emerging economies aren’t just catching up; they’re setting the pace. Why Helicopters Thrive in Emerging Markets? So, what’s fuelling this growth? Let’s break it down: Infrastructure Challenges: In countries like India, with over 1,000 helipads but vast rural expanses, helicopters bridge the gap where roads and railways falter. Indonesia, an archipelago of 17,000+ islands, relies on rotorcraft for inter-island connectivity. Urbanization and Traffic: Megacities like Mumbai, São Paulo, and Jakarta face crippling congestion. Helicopters offer a swift alternative for VIPs, executives, and emergency services, cutting travel time dramatically. Resource Exploration: Emerging economies rich in natural resources—India’s offshore oil fields, Brazil’s Amazon basin, or Africa’s mining regions—depend on helicopters for logistics and crew transport. Government Initiatives: India’s UDAN scheme, launched to boost regional aviation, includes helicopter operations, while China’s push to open low-altitude airspace is unlocking new opportunities. Rising Wealth: With millionaires on the rise (Saudi Arabia boasted 354,000 in 2022), private helicopter ownership and luxury travel are surging. As a result, there is a perfect storm of demand, making helicopters a cornerstone of progress in these regions. Market Size: A Comparative Look Let’s zoom into the numbers for a clearer picture: India: The civil helicopter fleet hovers around 250 units, a fraction of the global total, yet its potential is immense. By 2030, the market could reach USD 524.7 million, driven by medium and light helicopters for EMS, tourism, and corporate use. China: With 741 helicopters in 2022 and a focus on domestic manufacturing, China leads Asia-Pacific growth. Its market is projected to expand rapidly as infrastructure and EMS demands rise. Brazil: A leader in Latin America, Brazil’s helicopter market benefits from domestic production (e.g., by Helibras ( an Airbus subsidiary) and diverse applications, from oil and gas to disaster relief. Global Context: The global commercial helicopter market was valued at USD 5.88 billion in 2021, expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.4% to 2030. Emerging economies contribute significantly, with Asia-Pacific being the fastest-growing region (CAGR of 7.8% through 2030). Comparatively, while North America dominates with a 35 per cent share (USD 32.03 billion in 2022), emerging markets are closing the gap, fuelled by necessity and innovation. Types of Helicopters in Demand Helicopters come in various flavours, each tailored to specific needs. Here’s what’s buzzing in emerging economies: LIGHT HELICOPTERS: Type: Airbus H125, Bell 505, Robinson R66 Uses: Tourism, aerial photography, EMS, and training Why They Shine: The machines are affordable, agile and fuel-efficient and light helicopters dominate India’s market (55 per cent share in 2023) and are ideal for short hops in congested cities or remote terrains. MEDIUM HELICOPTERS: Type: Airbus H145, Leonardo AW139, Bell 429 Uses: Offshore oil and gas support, corporate transport, Search and Rescue (SAR) Why They Matter: In India, medium helicopters led with a 50.75 per cent revenue share in 2023, prized for their versatility and capacity (up to 12 passengers). HEAVY HELICOPTERS: Type: Sikorsky S-92, Airbus H225 Uses: Heavy-lift operations, long-range offshore missions Growth Potential: Fastest-growing segment in India due to industrial applications, though still niche compared to lighter models. MILITARY VARIANTS: Type: HAL Prachand (India), Mil Mi-17 (Russia) Uses: Défense, disaster relief Trend: India’s order for 156 Prachand helicopters in 2022 reflects a dual-purpose trend—military and civilian support. Each type caters to unique demands, from India’s lightweight tourism boom to Brazil’s heavy-lift needs in the Amazon. Major Manufacturers and Their Support Systems The helicopter business isn’t just about aircraft but it’s about the ecosystem behind them. Here’s how leading manufacturers support emerging markets: Airbus Helicopters: Market Presence: Leads India’s civil market (over 50% share since 2010) and globally with a 48% share in 2020. Support: Dedicated customer centers in India (since 2010), offering spares, training, and maintenance. Partnerships with HAL for local production (e.g., Cheetah and Chetak models). Innovation: Launched the H145 for India’s energy sector in 2024, enhancing aerial support. Bell Textron: Market Presence: Strong in India and Brazil, with models like the Bell 429 gaining traction. Support: Regional service hubs, pilot training programs, and a focus on aftermarket support ensure uptime for operators. Leonardo: Market Presence: Holds 20% of the global market, with the AW139 popular in offshore roles. Support: Strategic partnerships and MRO (maintenance, repair, overhaul) facilities in Asia-Pacific and Latin America keep fleets flying. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL): Market Presence: India’s homegrown champion, producing the Dhruv and Prachand. Support: Local manufacturing reduces costs, while government backing

By Kumar Bhagvandas, CEO, Rossell Techsys: As climate change accelerates and environmental concerns take centre stage, the aerospace and aviation industries face growing scrutiny over their carbon footprint. In India, where the aviation sector is witnessing rapid expansion, striking a balance between economic growth and sustainability is becoming increasingly critical. The challenge lies in reducing carbon emissions while maintaining the sector’s upward trajectory—an issue that holds significance not just at the national level but also in the global fight against climate change. Aviation plays a crucial role in driving global economic development, facilitating international trade, tourism, and connectivity. The industry—spanning commercial, cargo, and military aviation—serves as a backbone for worldwide mobility and economic integration. However, this progress comes with an environmental cost, with carbon emissions being the most pressing concern. As air travel demand surges both globally and in India, the push for greener technologies and sustainable practices is no longer optional—it is imperative. Significant Challenges in Reducing Carbon Emissions in Aviation Reducing carbon emissions in the aviation industry presents formidable challenges. The sector remains heavily reliant on fossil fuels, mainly jet fuel, making decarbonization a complex issue. While advancements in aircraft design and fuel efficiency have helped curb emissions, the absence of commercially viable alternatives —such as Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) or electric propulsion—continues to hinder significant progress. Additionally, the high costs associated with new technologies, retrofitting existing aircraft, and the lack of adequate infrastructure for alternative fuels pose substantial financial and logistical barriers. Achieving meaningful reductions in emissions will require sustained investment, innovation, and global cooperation. Global and National Efforts Towards Sustainable Aviation Worldwide, the aviation industry has set ambitious sustainability targets, including achieving carbon-neutral growth and reducing net CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. These goals are being supported by advancements in technology, such as the development of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) and more fuel-efficient aircraft designs. Additionally, improvements in air traffic management and operational efficiencies are playing a crucial role in reducing fuel consumption and emissions. India, too, is making significant strides toward a greener aviation future, with a growing focus on fuel efficiency, cleaner technologies, and alignment with global emission-reduction efforts. The Indian government has prioritized emission control within the aviation sector as part of its broader climate action strategies. Initiatives such as the National Biofuels Policy and various government programs promote the adoption of non-conventional fuel sources, including SAF, while expanding airport operations powered by renewable energy. Furthermore, India’s participation in international climate agreements underscores its commitment to fostering a sustainable airline industry and reducing its overall environmental impact. Aerospace Sector Sustainability Efforts and Data The aerospace sector is actively pursuing sustainability through groundbreaking technological advancements aimed at reducing its environmental impact. Industry leaders are exploring alternative propulsion methods, such as hydrogen-powered and electric propulsion systems, which have the potential to significantly lower carbon emissions. Hydrogen propulsion, for instance, could cut the carbon footprint of air transport by up to 75% per passenger. Meanwhile, hybrid-electric power systems, which integrate conventional combustion engines with electric power, have demonstrated the potential to reduce fuel consumption and emissions by as much as 50%, according to recent studies. Beyond propulsion, the industry is also focusing on making aircraft manufacturing more sustainable. The use of lightweight materials and advanced manufacturing techniques helps reduce energy consumption and waste. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) and data analytics are playing a crucial role in optimizing aircraft design and operations, improving fuel efficiency, and minimizing in-flight emissions. These combined innovations in aircraft configuration, materials, and propulsion systems are expected to be key drivers in helping the aerospace sector meet its long-term sustainability goals. However, for these advancements to be effective, their adoption must be supported by robust infrastructure and policy frameworks that encourage large-scale implementation. Policy Framework for Sustainable Aviation The Indian government has introduced a range of policies and initiatives aimed at reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainability in the aviation sector. These policies can be categorized into key areas: 1. Alternative Fuels & Biofuels One of the most significant initiatives is the National Biofuels Policy, which aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by promoting the production and consumption of biofuels, including those derived from non-food crops. This policy encourages the development of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), providing a cleaner alternative to conventional jet fuel and aligning with global efforts to decarbonize aviation. 2. Renewable Energy & Airport Sustainability To support a low-carbon economy, India has set ambitious renewable energy targets, focusing on solar and wind power. Airports across the country are increasingly integrating solar power into their operations, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and enhancing energy efficiency. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) further supports these renewable energy goals, promoting the adoption of green technologies and sustainable infrastructure in aviation. 3. Air Traffic Management & Efficiency Improvements Beyond alternative fuels, the government is also focusing on enhancing Air Traffic Management (ATM) to optimize flight routes and reduce fuel consumption. The Modernization of Airspace and Air Traffic Management program aims to integrate cutting-edge technologies that minimize fuel wastage while improving operational efficiency within Indian airspace. 4. Regulatory Commitments & International Agreements India is actively participating in international climate agreements and aviation sustainability commitments, reinforcing its dedication to reducing emissions in alignment with global aviation standards. Policies such as the UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) scheme promote the use of smaller, fuel-efficient aircraft for regional connectivity, ensuring that aviation growth aligns with environmental sustainability goals. Through these well-structured policy measures, India is positioning itself as a leader in sustainable aviation and setting a benchmark for other emerging economies in the pursuit of greener air travel. The Path Forward: Overcoming Challenges & Strengthening Collaboration While technological innovations and government policies provide a foundation for sustainability, collaboration between industry stakeholders, research institutions, and regulatory bodies is crucial for meaningful progress. The aviation sector must accelerate its adoption of SAF and other green technologies, supported by infrastructure development and investment incentives. Additionally, fostering international partnerships can help drive

In a body blow to the government’s continual Atmanirbhar campaign, Indian Air Force (IAF)announced that Tejas, the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) and Dhruv, the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) – both showpieces of indigenous aerospace prowess – would be benched for the 2025 Republic Day Parade fly past, an extremely popular and keenly awaited spectacle over Kartavya Path (erstwhile Rajpath). While the reason for the Tejas being kept away was an IAF policy decision to disallow single engine aircraft due to safety concerns, the Dhruv was kept away as it had been grounded after an India Coast Guard (ICG) Dhruv crashed at Porbandar Airport on January 5 this year. All three crew members perished during the accident and an investigation is ongoing. At the time of writing this, the final report of the defect investigation team, initially expected on March 3, is still awaited.This article looks at the chequered history of the Dhruv, the build up to the grounding, and suggests prescriptive action to render the Dhruv a reliable platform. By Gp. Capt. AK Sachdev (Retd.): The Dhruv Story The Dhruv story is a cause for Indian pride as the helicopter is an indigenous aerospace success story. It has been used extensively, including at high altitude, and in many roles including transport of passengers and cargo, utility, reconnaissance, medical evacuation, and weaponized roles over land and sea.Designed by the Rotary Wing R&D Centre of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), it is a twin-engine helicopter in the 5.5 ton plus category (i.e. the Maximum Take Off Weight or MTOW is 5500 kg). It first flew in 1992, entered military service in 2002, and received type certification from Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) for civil operations in 2004. Some reports claim that more than 400 Dhruvs have been produced but, according to HAL’s own website, the figure until June 2024 is 345 of which 313 were for Indian defence services (including ICG). Interpolating the production figures, another 15 could have been manufactured since June 2024 thus taking the total produced to around 360. There are four military versions numbered Mk-I, Mk-II, Mk-III and Mk-IV, the last one being a 5.8 ton machine. While the first two are utility versions and use a Turbomeca (now Safran Helicopter Engines) TM333-2B2 powerplant, the latter two use the ARDIDEN 1H1 engine (developed in collaboration with Safran and named Shakti). The Mk-III is a utility role platform suitable for high altitude operations while the Mk-IV is essentially a Mk-III with weapon systems and mission sensors and is called Rudra while another version, the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), or Prachand, is also based on the Dhruv design. The Sarang air display team of the Indian Air Force (IAF) also uses the Dhruv. HAL’s Trials, Users’ Tribulations The Porbandar airport accident was the third crash involving the Dhruv in four months. The Dhruv has flown more than 4,00,000 hours reportedly since induction but in the last 23 years, there have been 30crashes of which 13 were fatal, leading to loss of 39 valuable crew lives. Of these, four were in Ecuador and the rest in India, with IAF and Indian Army suffering the majority — a total of 20 accidents. Of these,thirteen were attributed to technical faults and that is a very high proportion. The remaining are either unsolved or have been pinned on human error but when one views the tenor and texture of the technical issues that surfaced with each successive crash (and averted accident), one is nudged into considering the possibility that even the crew who erred could have been operating in the presence of what air safety professionals term as hazards inherent to the helicopter’s design or its manufacturing process. Understandably, the findings of military Courts of Inquiry are not revealed in their entirety to the public domain. However, DGCA is mandated to “issue Airworthiness Directives (ADs) in respect of any Indian civil registered aircraft,engine, propeller and appliance fitted to such aircraft to make good of any feature orcondition affecting safety of the aircraft. (sic)” ADs issued by DGCA consequent to each Dhruv accident/incident reveal an interesting tale of their own. DGCA’s official site has details of AD’s issued from July 2008 until July 2023 up to which date 39 Ads have been issued of which one has been superseded. Of the 38 current ones, 34 relate to Dhruv. Some more could have been issued before July 2008 and at least three more would definitely have been issued after July 2023 (after the accidents since then). This statistic is significant when juxtaposed to the fact that the civil Dhruvs are a handful in number. The ADs and public domain reports from pilots who have flown and/or test flown the Dhruv point to one major problem being vibrations on the Integrated Dynamic System or IDS which comprises the Main Gear Box (MGB), upper controls and the rotor head. The IDS is a critical component that transfers the power produced by the engine to the rotors above it. A system built into the original design did not serve its purpose well and so another system was retrofitted to reduce the vibrations in the area occupied by the crew and passengers. The failure to assault the root cause led to cascading events and destructive failures along the entire transmission system and the allied control systems. So, with successive accidents patch solutions were found e.g. when an accident revealed broken control rods, they were replaced with stronger, stainless steel ones (without addressing the MGB platform vibrations). As a result, the problem shifted upwards to the swashplate, a mechanical device that translates input via the helicopter flight controls into motion of the main rotor blades. HAL Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) DK Sunil reportedly attributed the Porbandar Airport Dhruv crash to “swashplate fracture”. Space constraints limit description of many such reports which underscore not just the quantitative but also the qualitative texture of the defects revealed by successive accidents. Some experts feel that the swash plate (and the IDS) are

Time Flies: Bringing together Aviation and Horology. For decades, aviation has inspired some of the most iconic luxury timepieces, with Swiss luxury brands creating pilot watches that embody precision, functionality, and adventure. Bangalore Watch Company™, founded by Nirupesh Joshi and Mercy Amalraj in 2018, is bringing this legacy closer to home, crafting modern timepieces that tell Indian stories, including a celebrated collection inspired by India’s aviation milestones. In this exclusive interview, Nirupesh Joshi discusses the unique journey of building an independent luxury watch brand, how aviation has shaped the brand’s ethos, and what it means to combine a passion for flight with the art of horology.             “We’ve always believe that a watch should tell a story, and for us, MACH 1 is that story.” What led you to create Bangalore Watch Company™? Bangalore Watch Company™ started with a simple idea: to create luxury watches that tell the stories of modern India. It was created to fill a gap in the Indian watch industry. We saw that while international brands were producing watches with exceptional quality and captivating stories—like those inspired by space, aviation, and sports—Indian watch brands lacked both world-class craftsmanship and modern storytelling. Most Indian watches focused on traditional themes, like gods or monuments, which didn’t resonate with the current times. What is the inspiration of the MACH 1 collection, and how does it align with the brand’s vision? The MACH 1 collection came from a deep desire to honour India’s aviation history and the courageous people who shaped it. We’ve always believed that a watch should tell a story, and for us, MACH 1 is that story. Each watch in the MACH 1 collection represents the achievements of visionaries who have helped shape India’s aviation journey. This collection is not just about making watches; it’s about telling the story of India’s aviation history and connecting people to it. It aligns with our brand’s goal of creating watches that go beyond telling time – so we take themes from across aviation like the Air Force, Civil Aviation, and Naval Aviation. How does Indian Aviation influence the MACH 1 collection? The collection honours the legacy of Indian aviation through unique design elements and materials. For instance, the MACH 1 Admiral features a dial made from steel recovered from the INS Vikrant R11, paying tribute to India’s naval aviation. The MACH 1X took inspiration from the MiG-21 Type 77, incorporating design from the aircraft, and a special edition uses aluminium from a mission flown decommissioned MiG-21 Type 77 fighter jet. We’re proud of our women in Indian aviation. Indian women contribute 15% to piloting roles in India, and this number is much higher than some mature aviation markets in the west. So, the MACH 1 Silk Scarf, with its “Aerobloom” dial colour, celebrates the women of Indian aviation. Each watch in the MACH 1 collection is a story brought to life through its design. They connect people to India’s aviation journey, whether or not they are aviation enthusiasts, making every piece more than just a watch – it’s a piece of history. What is the story of the MACH 1 Synchro? Watchmaking is all about timing and precision, so we looked for inspiration in the aviation world for this. The MACH 1 Synchro is a limited-edition watch that celebrates the precision and teamwork of India’s Formation Aerobatics team – Suryakiran. With its unique design elements inspired by the iconic aerobatic displays, including a 9-aircraft diamond formation at the 9H position and a red-and-white minute hand inspired by cockpit Airspeed indicators, the watch embodies the skill and synchronization of these elite pilots. Produced in just 125 pieces, it’s a watch that honours 25 years of India’s formation aerobatic skills. This is a very special watch to us                           “We hope to inspire a sense of pride and connection in those who wear our watches” Who are your customers? I think we can safely agree that we don’t need a watch to tell time anymore. We only wear a watch because there is a sentimental value to it. Our customers are looking for unique watches that tell stories. When they put on a watch, they feel a shared connection with our aviation, space or cricket inspired watches. These could be businessmen, lawyers, doctors, bankers, and senior leaders in the industry. 70% of our business is in India, while 30% of our business is overseas. We have shipped our watches to over 30 countries over the past 7 years. Ultimately, we hope to inspire a sense of pride and connection in those who wear our watches, while setting a benchmark for what an Indian luxury brand can achieve in the cluttered luxury watch market. ( Advertorial) 

By Sudeep Sharma,CEO, Safe Fly Services Pvt. Ltd. India’s aviation industry has witnessed remarkable growth over the past decade, transforming from a fledgling sector into one of the fastest-growing aviation markets globally. As the country navigates 2025 and looks ahead, the aviation sector stands at the forefront of India’s development narrative. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the government’s strategic vision and robust policy framework are propelling Indian aviation into a new era of innovation, connectivity, and economic prosperity. India’s Aviation Market: A Snapshot of Growth India is now the third-largest aviation market in the world, trailing only the United States and China. With a population of over 1.4 billion and increasing disposable incomes, air travel has become a preferred mode of transportation for millions. By 2025, the industry is projected to handle nearly 520 million passengers annually, up from 341 million in 2020. This exponential growth is fuelled by a mix of factors, including increasing domestic and international connectivity, rising middle-class aspirations, and government-backed initiatives like UDAN. These elements align seamlessly with PM Modi’s vision of making air travel accessible and affordable for every Indian. Infrastructure Expansion: Building a Future-Ready Aviation Ecosystem One of the cornerstones of India’s aviation growth is the significant investment in infrastructure. Recognizing the need for state-of-the-art facilities, the Modi government has prioritized airport modernization and construction. New Airport Projects By 2025, India aims to operationalize 220 airports, heliports, and water aerodromes. The Jewar Airport near Delhi, projected as the largest in Asia upon completion, exemplifies India’s ambition. Similarly, airports in Mopa (Goa), Navi Mumbai, and Deoghar showcase the government’s commitment to ensuring world-class facilities nationwide. Digital Transformation in Airports Airports across India are adopting cutting-edge technologies like facial recognition, biometric systems, and artificial intelligence to enhance passenger convenience. Initiatives such as the DigiYatra program streamline processes, making Indian airports some of the most technologically advanced globally. Green Airports The Modi government has also emphasized sustainability. Airports like Cochin and Delhi are setting benchmarks in green energy use, aligning with India’s climate goals. Solar power installations and energy-efficient operations are making Indian airports a model for sustainable aviation. Fleet Expansion and Airline Growth India’s airlines are rapidly expanding their fleets to cater to growing demand. By 2025, Indian carriers, led by giants like IndiGo, Air India, and SpiceJet, are expected to operate over 1,500 aircraft. Air India’s Global Renaissance Under its new management, Air India has embarked on an ambitious growth strategy, including plans for one of the largest aircraft orders in history. The airline aims to reclaim its position as a leading global carrier, projecting India’s aviation prowess internationally. Rise of Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs) Low-cost carriers dominate India’s aviation market, making air travel affordable for millions. Their success is a testament for democratizing air travel, ensuring even remote areas have access to affordable flights. Focus on Regional and International Connectivity The government’s dual focus on regional and international connectivity is driving aviation growth: Regional Connectivity Under the UDAN scheme, regional airports like Hubli, Belgaum, and Kishangarh have emerged as vital hubs. This approach not only boosts local economies but also supports tourism and trade in previously untapped regions. International Connectivity India’s robust international expansion is evident in its increasing bilateral agreements and partnerships. The government’s Open Sky Policy has facilitated more direct flights, connecting Indian cities to global destinations. By 2025, Indian airports are expected to handle over 200 million international passengers annually, positioning India as a global aviation hub. Policy Reforms: Fuelling Growth 100% FDI in Aviation To attract global investments, the government has permitted 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in the aviation sector under the automatic route. This move has spurred significant interest from international players, paving the way for partnerships, innovation, and capital infusion. Rationalizing Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) Taxes High ATF costs have historically been a challenge for Indian airlines. The Modi government’s initiatives to rationalize taxes and streamline supply chains are reducing operational costs and improving airline profitability. Skill Development in Aviation Recognizing the need for a skilled workforce, the government has launched programs like the Aviation Skill Development Council. These initiatives are creating a talent pool of pilots, engineers, and ground staff, ensuring India’s aviation industry has the human capital to sustain its growth. Tourism and Aviation: A Symbiotic Relationship Tourism and aviation are interdependent sectors, and India’s rich cultural heritage is drawing millions of international tourists annually. The government’s efforts to boost tourism, including e-visas and promotional campaigns like “Dekho Apna Desh,” are directly contributing to aviation growth. Destinations like Varanasi, Jaipur, and Kochi are experiencing a surge in international arrivals, further highlighting the interplay between tourism and connectivity. Sustainability in Aviation: A Priority The 41st ICAO Assembly adopted a long-term global aspirational goal (LTAG) for international aviation of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 and India has actively involved itself making sustainability one of its core focus. The government is promoting the use of biofuels, reducing carbon footprints, and adopting electric and hybrid technologies in ground operations. By 2025, India aims to become a global leader in green aviation initiatives, setting an example for emerging markets. Emerging Trends: The Road Ahead Integration of Advanced Technologies Artificial intelligence, predictive maintenance, and blockchain technologies are transforming the aviation industry. Indian airlines and airports are increasingly adopting these innovations to enhance efficiency and safety. Rise of Urban Air Mobility The government is exploring the potential of air taxis and drones to revolutionize urban mobility. Pilot projects in cities like Bengaluru and Hyderabad indicate India’s readiness to embrace futuristic solutions. Cargo and Logistics Expansion With the e-commerce boom, cargo aviation is witnessing unprecedented growth. Dedicated cargo hubs and modernized freight facilities are bolstering India’s position as a global logistics hub. Challenges and Opportunities While the Indian aviation sector is on a remarkable growth trajectory, challenges like high operating costs, infrastructure bottlenecks, and regulatory complexities still remains. However, these challenges are being addressed through targeted reforms, collaborative policy making, and strategic investments at various levels. The sector also presents

By Zeena Philip,COO,Rossell Techsys Limited: The aerospace and defence (A&D) sectors are undergoing a significant transformation as global industries adapt to technological innovations and evolving market demands. According to a report by Zion Market Research, the global aerospace and defence industry is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 8.2% between 2023 and 2030, reaching a market size of around USD 1,388 billion. This growth underscores the sector’s transition toward a promising and dynamic future. Despite past challenges such as supply chain disruptions, manufacturing inefficiencies, and talent shortages, the industry is poised for a resurgence. Digital transformation and emerging technologies are driving the sector’s evolution, promising greater adaptability, efficiency, and innovation. Additionally, governments and private enterprises are increasingly focusing on collaborative efforts to propel the industry forward. These partnerships are not only fostering advancements in technology but also ensuring long-term sustainability, creating a balanced approach to innovation and environmental responsibility. 1. The Rise of Automation and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Automation and AI have witnessed tremendous growth and are increasingly pivotal in the A&D sectors. • In Defence: AI is revolutionizing operations by enabling advanced defence systems, cyber security solutions, and autonomous weaponry. AI-powered systems can detect and mitigate cyber threats through real-time network analysis. Additionally, AI is instrumental in developing autonomous vehicles such as drones, submarines, and unmanned ground vehicles. These advancements enhance surveillance, reduce risks, and provide superior operational insights. • In Aerospace: AI automates manual processes, reduces human error, and streamlines operations like maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO). AI-driven insights uncover patterns in data, enabling proactive decision-making. Moreover, AI enhances operational efficiency and customer experience, providing seamless solutions to complex challenges. The integration of AI is also extending to predictive analytics, where the technology is used to anticipate maintenance needs, minimize downtime, and prevent costly delays. These advancements are significantly improving the reliability and lifespan of aerospace systems. 2. Beyond the Horizon: Space and Satellite Technology Space exploration and satellite technology are reshaping the A&D landscape. The increasing importance of space security and technological evolution has spurred advancements in satellite infrastructure, reusable launch vehicles, and space exploration. These technologies support military operations with enhanced intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. In addition, the commercial space sector is gaining momentum, with private players investing heavily in satellite communications, interplanetary missions, and space tourism. This growing interest is fuelling innovation in reusable spacecraft and cost-effective launch systems, making space more accessible than ever before. A growing focus on geospatial intelligence has also highlighted the need to address space debris or “space junk.” Sustainable practices such as debris mitigation and removal are critical for ensuring accessibility to valuable orbits. This sustainability drive also paves the way for commercial applications like space mining and lunar exploration. 3. Advanced Defence Equipment Defence technology is advancing rapidly, incorporating innovations like hypersonic weapons, directed energy systems, and self-healing materials. • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Drones are becoming indispensable for surveillance, environmental monitoring, and search-and-rescue missions, reducing human risk and increasing operational intelligence. • Wearable Technology: Smart defence gear is bridging the gap between human capability and technological advancement. For example, AR-enabled visors and wearable devices improve situational awareness, navigation, and combat readiness. The SMART Soldiers initiative in India is a testament to the growing adoption of such technologies. The industry is also witnessing advancements in next-generation materials, such as nanotechnology-based coatings, which offer enhanced durability and stealth capabilities. These materials are driving innovation in aircraft and vehicle design, allowing for greater efficiency and operational effectiveness. 4. Immersive Technology Immersive technologies like virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are enhancing efficiency in the A&D sectors. • Training and Simulation: VR and AR create safe, customizable environments for soldier training and mission rehearsals, reducing errors and improving readiness. • Aircraft Manufacturing and Maintenance: These technologies streamline aircraft production and maintenance, ensuring higher accuracy and reduced downtime. AR also aids pilots by providing real-time situational awareness during training and operations. As immersive technologies continue to evolve, their potential applications extend beyond training. For instance, AR-enabled head-up displays (HUDs) are being integrated into cockpits, enhancing pilot awareness and safety during critical operations. The future of immersive technology in A&D is promising, with innovations aimed at improving decision-making, reducing costs, and enhancing overall mission success. 5. Sustainable Development Sustainability has emerged as a critical focus in the A&D industry. Efforts to reduce carbon footprints and embrace environmentally friendly practices are shaping innovation. • Hybrid-Electric Propulsion: By combining conventional engines with electric motors, this technology reduces fuel consumption and emissions. •Green Aircraft: Lightweight, aerodynamic designs and the use of sustainable aviation fuels are driving the development of eco-friendly aircraft, addressing global climate concerns. Additionally, the sector is exploring alternative energy sources like hydrogen-powered aircraft, which offer zero-emission solutions for the future. Governments and industry leaders are collaborating on policy frameworks and infrastructure development to accelerate the adoption of sustainable aviation technologies. Conclusion The aerospace and defence industry is undergoing a profound transformation, fuelled by advancements in technology, sustainability, and operational efficiency. From AI-driven automation to space exploration, green aviation, and immersive technologies, the sector is navigating new opportunities while addressing complex challenges. Collaborative efforts among governments, private enterprises, and research institutions are playing a pivotal role in shaping the industry’s future. As the aerospace and defence sectors continue to innovate and evolve, the outlook remains optimistic. Long-term growth, enhanced global security, and sustainable practices are set to define the next era of this dynamic industry, creating a future where technology and responsibility converge. ( Views expressed in the article are of the writer) 

By Capt Peeush Kumar: The idea of cost-efficient, silent short-haul flights has been the unique value proposition of AAM systems. Entailing transfers of humans/material, it can be piloted/non-piloted/optionally-piloted and use variety of fuels.The Indian business space offers vast landmass of 32,87,263 sq.km [1]with limited communication infrastructure and pockets of high-density urban locations.A differential from western commercial space is highlighted by India’s annual GDP per capita being less than $2.5K [1]. For comparison, European Union and United States have reported GDP per capita of $81K+ and $40K+ respectively for 2023[1]. In this contained framework, AAM systems are visualised to meet demands in business workspace. Penetration of drones in India has its reflections already available in the environment. Related apprehensions indicate acceptability of only piloted AAM systems over autonomous configurations, at least during injection phase. These AAM systems support plausibility of remote area application as primary and UAM (Urban Air Mobility) as secondary. Primary nature of flights could constitute medical support/assist disaster management especially in difficult access areas and predicated on public funds. UAM as secondary vertical to meet door-to-door transfers of high-net-worth individuals on the other hand is a realisable option. Core operations of AAM systems are characterised beyond airports and envisaged closer to helicopters than aeroplanes. Reliable, uninterrupted transfers of humans/material by day/night/weather are least expectations of a contemporary aviation consumer. It is thus fitting that reliability of operations irrespective of day/night is embraced by AAM systems as well. Facilitating the reliability attribute rests on regulatory provisions and introducing technological advancements into the system. On this foundation, operational and regulatory domains of AAM systems should be contemplated on extended trajectory of helicopter operations. Operational: • Envisaged business viability of remote area operations demands AAM systems’dependability for 24×7 operations. Capability of all weather, day/night operations from remote vertiports is a primary mandate. The capability is facilitated via GNSS &SBAS as navigation aids under IFR(Instrument Flight Rules) in remote areas.An indigenous availability of SBAS provides to bridge the gap. • ‘VFR only (Visual Flight Rules)’ limitation for UAM systems could be an incremental milestone for some design houses of AAM systems.However, taking cue from current density of intracity ‘VFR only’ helicopter operations in India, business sustainability of‘VFR only’UAMs is debatable. This risk may be mitigated with suitable design programs in favour of IFR certification for 24×7 operations from the start. • Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) is the obvious preferred option in AAM systems owing to reduced down wash and redundancy critical vertiports. The configuration is fortunately available in most cases. • Indian context is highly price sensitive. Countrywide deployment by small operators would be feasible if its modules are air transportable in standard sized boxes. Deployment philosophy of AAM systems must factor business practicality for limited inventory operators. Modular construction to quickly transport dismantled AAM systems without special/large volume requirements is a business facilitator.Since powered by batteries, certification for safe air transportation would be required. • Certification to pilots for assembly/disassembly of AAM systems and routine field maintenance activities must be facilitated in design itself. This attribute would optimise operational costs and provide impetus to its business realm receptivity. Regulatory Adaptations. • Regulations for 24×7 operations from vertiports are foundational for viability of AAM systems in India. ATM (Air Traffic Management)/ASM (Air Space Management) elements must be visualised to offer max autonomy to AAM systems with minimal interference to prevailing air traffic. • It is natural to anticipate that analogous regulations for helicopters would be fundamental for formalising AAM systems in India. The argument is based on resemblance of AAM operations with helicopters. Current Indian regulations mandate operations for helicopters under IFR by two (02) pilots. This restriction is applicable irrespective of OEM’s certification for single-pilot operations under IFR. Piloted AAMs have so far been observed with single pilot configurations in majority. If so, a challenge to AAM system as an effective business proposition exists for 24×7 operations in India. Since DGCA regulations do not permit single pilot helicopter operations under IFR, single-pilot AAM operations are unlikely to be accepted irrespective of certification status. Not only adversely affecting operating cost, it would implicitly prohibit capable AAM systems to operate under IFR in India. Preparation forIndian Operations Visualised Configuration of AAM Systems Globally emerging configurations of AAM systems is perhaps a continuing process for some more years. Special FARs recently have been proposed by FAA [3] comprehensively covering crew training and type rating requirements. These are implicit concurrences for piloted AAM system philosophy in near future. Hitherto, following attributes emerge for a workable business model in Indian context: • Piloted. • Electrically Powered. • Passenger Capacity of 3-5. • VTOL (Vertical Take off and Landing) Operations. • Certified for Operations under IFR. • Range & Endurance to cover approximately 100nm. • Feasibility of Modular Air Transportation. • Assembly/disassembly of modules by Pilots in field conditions. Ensuing operations by AAM systems from vertiports must thence be structured under IFR (Instrument Flight Rules). Feasibility of operations under IFR in remote areas/hilly terrain must be adapted for restricted real-estate availability at vertiports. Said nature of operations are predicated on space-based navigation aids viz GNSS and SBAS. Fortunately, Indian airspace is adequately equipped in this matter. India has its own SBAS -GAGAN [4],and NavIC [4] the Indian regional GNSS of 10 satellite constellations planned to be operational by 2028[5]for supporting intended operations. Regulations: Introduction of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) framework for heliport operations under IFR as a stepping stone for 24×7 vertiport operations should be obvious.Regulations/ATM/ASMelements for round-the-clock operations in hilly/mountainous terrain are required to facilitate seamless and safe service in remote locations. That, helicopter operations on PBN concept are yet to be realised in India poses an obvious challenge. Resultingly a ‘two-step’ approach is an option. First,shape a similar ecosystem for helicopter operations and then superimpose AAM system requirements on the methodology of taking one-risk-at-a-time. DGCA may thus advance its efforts to embrace relevant ICAO regulations on PBN concept for helicopter operations. The subsequent step would be to deploy AAM system adaptation program wherever demanded